Conlangs of a Remembrancer

 There is no progressive form of verbs, e.g., “I am speaking to you” or “The Warrior is running” are expressed simply as “I speak to you” (sho’gano| ya| bei’a| ||) or “The Warrior runs” (pai’zei| ⇄ fa’thapo| ||)

There is no true emphatic form of verbs as such in English, “I do speak.” Sometimes an inversion is used for emphasis,  e.g., “I do speak” might be expressed: gano’sho| || (“Speak!”)

Auxiliary verbs

Future  and perfect tenses (including past future, i.e., conditional) are formed by inserting determinatives into the infinitive rather than by using auxiliary verbs.  “To be able” is a special case (see below).  But modal auxiliaries do exist as what I’m calling positionally unfixed (floating) adverbial constructions. 

Can, could
Expressed by using forms of the infinitive “to be able” (paho|) + an infinitive.
Examples
I can [am able to] eat wood: sho’paho|⇅ tailo| ↻ twa’zi| ||
They could [i.e., were able to] eat that fungus, although it tasted bad: shsho’shpahot| ⇅ tailo| ↻ wi| ku’o| a’weit| fai’javot| ↳ wei’thru| ||

May, might: fro|
Examples
Expressing permission or possibility:
You may enter now (literally, you enter may now): bei’vito| fro| nei| || [fro| could also be placed at the beginning of the sentence or at the end]
Expressing wish (takes subjunctive):
I wish that you may conquer: sho’laio| ↻ tu| bei’ei’bao| fro| ||
May you conquer!: bei’ei’bao| fro|>||
May the mountains cry joy to the Sky-Mother! (a sentence you’ll find in one of the later volumes of the Ki’shto’ba Series): shkwai’mi| ⇆ shfai’ei’raito| fro| ↻ din’zi| ya| prai’na’tu’ta|>||
Might as past tense
She decreed that Alates might [were permitted to] gaze upon the stars: ta’tasot| ↻ tu| shyo’a’zei| ⇆  shfa’jul’teiot| fro| ya| shprai’mo’zi| ||
An idiomatic construction:
Let there be: ¡sho|! fro|>
Example
Let there be single combat!: ¡sho|! fro|> ↻ pai’o’kwi’zi| ||

Must, Have to (expressing necessity): thi|
Examples
It must not be (or, This must not be) (literally, not it be must): wei| fa’she| thi| ||
[Since thi| floats, the sentence could also be expressed thi| wei| fa’she| || or wei| thi| fa’she| ||
You must go: bei’trio| thi| ||
She must obey me: thi| ta’bato|↻ sho’a| ||
It does not have to be!: fa’she| wei| thi|>||
It must [has to] come: fa’she| thi| ⇅ krovo| || [i.e., “to have to be” equals sho| thi| + infinitive]

Should, ought to (expressing obligation, propriety, or likelihood): ha|
Examples
You ought to [should] go: bei’trio| ha| ||
She ought to {should] obey me: ha| ta’bato| ↻ sho’a| ||
A strong Warrior ought to live long: da’lo| pai’zei|⇆ fash| ha| ov’il| || [note that the verb “to be” (sho|) also means “to exist” or “to live,” so the sentence reads literally: “Strong Warrior ought to exist longly.]”

              Summary of Tenses of Regular Verbs in 1st Pers. Sing.

Present (I speak, I am speaking):  sho’gano|
Past (I spoke):  sho’ganot|
Future (I will speak):  sho’u’gano|
Present perfect (I have spoken):  sho’o’gano|
Past  perfect (I had spoken):  sho’o’ganot|
Future perfect (I will have spoken):  sho’o’u’gano|
Past future (I would speak):  sho’i’u’gano|
Past future perfect (I would have spoken):  sho’i’o’gano|

Subjunctive, present and past ([If] I speak, Were I to speak):  sho’ei’gano|
Subjunctive, past perfect ([If] I had spoken, Had I spoken):  sho’ei’o’ganot|

Imperative (Speak!):  ¡gano|!

Conjugation of a Regular Verb: gano| (to speak)

       The infinitive forms the root.  The pronoun rather than an inflection indicates the person. With a 3rd person subject other than a pronoun, RETAIN the pronoun after the subject, e.g., “dead one who [it] speaks” is weio’zei| vi| fa’gano| ||

Present Tense

  *Use for collective personal, things, masc., fem., in any combination

Past tense

 Identical to above, with addition of past tense determinative -t to end of root, e.g., I spoke:  sho’ganot|; they spoke: shfa’ganot|.

Future tense

 Insert -u- between pronoun and root of present tense forms, e.g., I will speak: sho’u’gano|; you will speak: bei’u’gano|, The King will speak: na’sha’ma| ⇄ ma’u’gano| ||  The stone will speak: ka’zi| ⇄ fai’u’gano| ||   The Warriors will speak:  shpai’zei| ⇄ shfa’u’gano| ||

Present Perfect
Insert -o- between pronoun and present tense root

                            Singular                                      Plural
1st person         sho’o’gano| (I have spoken)        shsho’o’gano| (we have spoken)
2nd person        bei’o’gano| (you have spoken)    shbei’o’gano| (you [pl.] have … )
3rd person:
Neuter pers.       fa’o’gano| (it has spoken)            shfa’o’gano| (they have spoken)
Neuter things     fai’o’gano| (it has spoken)            shfai’o’gano| (they have spoken)
Masculine          ma’o’gano| (he has spoken)         shma’o’gano| (they [m.] have … )
Feminine           ta’o’gano| (she has spoken)         shta’o’gano| (they [f.] have … )

Past Perfect
Insert -o- between pronoun and past tense root, e.g., you had spoken:  bei’o’ganot|; they (masc.) had spoken:  shma’o’ganot|

Future Perfect:
Insert -o’u- between pronoun and present tense root, e.g., it will have spoken:  fa’o’u’gano|; you (pl.) will have spoken:  shbei’o’u’gano|

 Conjugation of Irregular Verb: sho| (to be)