{"id":87,"date":"2012-03-30T17:34:30","date_gmt":"2012-03-30T17:34:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=87"},"modified":"2012-05-14T16:05:50","modified_gmt":"2012-05-14T16:05:50","slug":"shshi-verbs-including-conjugations-of-to-speak-to-be","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=87","title":{"rendered":"Shshi Verbs, Including Conjugations of To Speak & To Be"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0General\u00a0 Remarks on Shshi Verbs<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0verb structure of Shshi is simple and clean.\u00a0 There are eight basic tenses (present, past, future, three perfect tenses, and two past future tenses).
\n<\/span>There is no familiar form of 2nd person.<\/span>
\nThere is no passive voice.
\n<\/span>There are indicative, imperative, <\/strong>and subjunctive<\/span><\/strong> moods.
\n<\/span>There are no participles. Adjectives and nouns are made from verbs in other ways, e.g., <\/span>da\u2019bao|<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(“defeated”).
\n<\/span><\/span>The infinitive is used for imperative<\/strong>;\u00a0the verb is initial and is bracketed by \u00a1 _!
\n<\/span>The infinitive<\/strong> determinative is -o.\u00a0 There are no exceptions.\u00a0 The infinitive is the base word for many constructions.\u00a0 For example, isto|<\/em> means \u201cto hurt or to give pain\u201d; ist\u2019zi|<\/em> means \u201cpain\u201d\u00a0(noun); da\u2019ist|<\/em> means \u201churt, pained, hurting\u201d (adj.); ist\u2019il|<\/em> means \u201cin pain or pained\u201d (adv.)
\n<\/span>The perfect infinitive<\/strong>, to have + root,\u00a0begins o\u2019<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>All\u00a0verbs are <\/span>regular<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0except \u201cto be\u201d and \u201cto have.\u201d\u00a0 The pronoun is enunciated in a combined form with the verb, separated from the true verb by an apostrophe.\u00a0 This pronominal determinative is\u00a0retained <\/strong><\/span>in the third person <\/span><\/strong>when the sentence contains a nominal subject, except with certain forms of \u201cto be.\u201d\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><\/em>There are four third person forms (this will be discussed further in the “Conjugation of To Be” and in the “Pronoun” section).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0There\u00a0is no<\/span> progressive<\/span><\/strong> form of verbs, e.g., \u201cI am speaking to you\u201d or \u201cThe Warrior is running\u201d are expressed simply as \u201cI speak to you\u201d (sho\u2019gano| ya| bei\u2019a| ||<\/em>) or \u201cThe Warrior runs\u201d (pai\u2019zei| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21c4 fa\u2019thapo| ||<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

There is no true emphatic<\/strong> form of verbs as such in English, \u201cI do speak.\u201d Sometimes an inversion is used for emphasis,\u00a0 e.g., \u201cI do speak\u201d might be expressed: gano\u2019sho| ||<\/em> (\u201cSpeak!\u201d) <\/span><\/p>\n

Auxiliary verbs<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Future\u00a0 and perfect tenses (including past future, i.e., conditional) are formed by inserting determinatives into the infinitive\u00a0rather than by using auxiliary verbs.\u00a0 “To be able” is a special case (see below).\u00a0 But modal auxiliaries do exist as what I’m calling positionally unfixed (floating) adverbial constructions.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Can, could
\n<\/strong>Expressed by using forms of the infinitive “to be able” (paho|) + an infinitive.
\nExamples<\/strong>
\nI can [am able to] eat wood: sho’paho|\u21c5 tailo| \u21bb twa’zi| ||<\/em>
\nThey could\u00a0[i.e., were able to] eat that fungus, although it tasted bad: shsho’shpahot| \u21c5 tailo| \u21bb wi|\u00a0ku\u2019o| a\u2019weit| fai’javot| \u21b3 wei’thru| ||<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

May, might:<\/strong> fro|
\n<\/em>Examples
\nExpressing permission or possibility:
\n<\/strong>You may enter now (literally, you enter may now): bei’vito| fro| nei| || <\/em>[fro| <\/em>could also be placed at the beginning of the sentence or at the end]
\n<\/em>Expressing wish (takes subjunctive):
\n<\/strong>I wish that you may conquer: sho’laio| \u21bb tu| bei’ei’bao| fro| ||
\n<\/em>May you conquer!: bei’ei’bao| fro|>||
\n<\/em>May the mountains cry joy to the Sky-Mother! (a sentence you’ll find in one of the later volumes of the Ki’shto’ba Series): shkwai’mi| \u21c6 shfai’ei’raito| fro|\u00a0\u21bb\u00a0din’zi| ya| prai’na’tu’ta|>||
\n<\/em>Might <\/strong>as past tense
\nShe decreed that Alates might [were permitted to] gaze upon the stars: ta’tasot| \u21bb tu| shyo’a’zei| \u21c6\u00a0 shfa’jul’teiot| fro| ya| shprai’mo’zi| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>An idiomatic construction:<\/strong>
\nLet there be: \u00a1sho|! fro|>
\nExample
\n<\/strong>Let there be single combat!: \u00a1sho|! fro|> \u21bb pai’o’kwi’zi| ||<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Must, Have to<\/span><\/span><\/strong> (expressing necessity): thi|
\n<\/em>Examples
\n<\/strong>It must not be (or, This must not be) (literally, not it be must): wei| fa’she| thi| ||
\n<\/em>[Since thi|<\/em> floats, the sentence could also be expressed thi| wei| fa’she| ||<\/em> or wei| thi| fa’she| ||
\n<\/em>You must go: bei’trio| thi| ||
\n<\/em>She must obey me: thi| ta’bato|\u21bb sho’a| ||
\n<\/em>It does not have to be!:\u00a0fa’she|\u00a0wei| thi|>||
\n<\/em>It must [has to] come: fa’she| thi| \u21c5 krovo| || <\/em>[i.e., “to have to be” equals sho| thi<\/em>| + infinitive]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Should, ought to<\/strong> (expressing obligation, propriety, or likelihood): ha|
\n<\/em>Examples<\/strong>
\nYou ought to [should] go: bei’trio| ha| ||<\/em>
\nShe ought to {should] obey me: ha| ta’bato|<\/em> \u21bb sho’a| ||
\nA strong Warrior ought to live long: da’lo| pai’zei|\u21c6 fash| ha| ov’il| || <\/em>[note that the verb “to be” (sho|) also means “to exist” or “to live,” so the sentence reads literally: “Strong Warrior ought to exist longly.]”<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Summary of Tenses\u00a0of Regular Verbs in 1st Pers. Sing.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Present (I speak, I am speaking):\u00a0 sho\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Past (I spoke):\u00a0 sho\u2019ganot|
\n<\/em><\/span>Future (I will speak):\u00a0 sho\u2019u\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Present\u00a0perfect (I have\u00a0spoken):\u00a0 sho\u2019o\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Past\u00a0 perfect (I had spoken):\u00a0 sho\u2019o\u2019ganot|
\n<\/em><\/span>Future\u00a0perfect (I will have spoken):\u00a0 sho\u2019o\u2019u\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Past future (I would speak):\u00a0 sho\u2019i\u2019u\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Past future perfect (I would have spoken):\u00a0 sho\u2019i\u2019o\u2019gano|<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Subjunctive, p<\/span>resent and past ([If] I speak,\u00a0Were I to speak):\u00a0 sho\u2019ei\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span>Subjunctive, past perfect (<\/span>[If]\u00a0I had spoken, Had I spoken):\u00a0 sho\u2019ei\u2019o\u2019ganot|<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Imperative (Speak!):\u00a0 \u00a1gano|!<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Conjugation of a Regular Verb: gano|<\/em> (to speak)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>The infinitive forms the root.\u00a0 <\/span>The pronoun rather than an inflection indicates the person. With a 3rd person subject other than a pronoun, RETAIN the pronoun after the subject, e.g., \u201cdead one who [it] speaks\u201d is weio\u2019zei| vi| fa\u2019gano| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>The neuter personal is used for individuals who are neuter, such as Warriors and Workers; Alates have recognizable sex and so are addressed by masculine and feminine forms.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Present Tense<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Singular\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Plural
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>1st person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>sho\u2019gano| (I speak)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shsho\u2019gano| (we speak)
\n<\/span><\/span>2nd person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>bei\u2019gano |(you speak)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shbei\u2019gano| (you [pl.] speak)
\n<\/span><\/span>3rd person:
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>Neuter personal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>fa\u2019gano| (it speaks)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>*shfa\u2019gano| (they speak)<\/span>
\nNeuter things\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>fai\u2019gano| (it speaks)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shfai\u2019gano| (they speak)<\/span>\u00a0 Masculine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ma\u2019gano| (he speaks\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shma\u2019gano| (they [m.] speak)<\/span>\u00a0 Feminine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ta\u2019gano |(she speaks)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>shta\u2019gano| (they [f.] speak)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0 *Use for collective personal, things, masc., fem., in any combination<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Past tense<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Identical to above, with addition of past tense determinative -t<\/em> to end of root, e.g., I spoke:\u00a0 <\/span>sho\u2019ganot<\/em>|; they spoke: shfa\u2019ganot<\/em>|.<\/span><\/p>\n

Future tense<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Insert -u-<\/em> between pronoun and root of present tense forms, e.g., I will speak: sho\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>|; you will speak: bei\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>|, The King will speak: na\u2019sha\u2019ma<\/em>| <\/span>\u21c4 ma\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>| ||\u00a0 <\/span>The stone will speak: ka\u2019zi<\/em>| <\/span>\u21c4 fai\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>| ||\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>The Warriors will speak:\u00a0 <\/span>shpai\u2019zei<\/em>| <\/span>\u21c4 shfa\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>| ||<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Perfect Tenses<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The perfect infinitive, to have spoken, is o\u2019gano|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Present Perfect
\n<\/strong>Insert -o-<\/em> between pronoun and present tense root<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Singular\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Plural
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>1st person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>sho\u2019o\u2019gano| (I have spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>shsho\u2019o\u2019gano| (we have spoken)<\/span><\/span>
\n2nd person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>bei\u2019o\u2019gano| (you have spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>shbei\u2019o\u2019gano| (you [pl.] have … )
\n<\/span>3rd person:
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>Neuter pers.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>fa\u2019o\u2019gano| (it has spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shfa\u2019o\u2019gano| (they have\u00a0spoken)
\n<\/span>Neuter things\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>fai\u2019o\u2019gano| (it has spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>shfai\u2019o\u2019gano| (they have spoken)
\n<\/span>Masculine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ma\u2019o\u2019gano| (he has spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shma\u2019o\u2019gano|\u00a0(they [m.] have … )
\n<\/span><\/span>Feminine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ta\u2019o\u2019gano| (she has spoken)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>shta\u2019o\u2019gano| (they [f.] have … )<\/span><\/p>\n

Past Perfect<\/strong>
\n<\/span>Insert -o- between pronoun and past tense root, e.g., you had spoken:\u00a0 <\/span>bei\u2019o\u2019ganot<\/em>|; they (masc.) had spoken:\u00a0 <\/span>shma\u2019o\u2019ganot|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Future Perfect:
\n<\/strong>Insert -o\u2019u- between pronoun and present tense root, e.g., it will have spoken:\u00a0 <\/span>fa\u2019o\u2019u\u2019gano<\/em>|; you (pl.) will have spoken:\u00a0 <\/span>shbei\u2019o\u2019u\u2019gano|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Conjugation of Irregular Verb: sho|<\/em> (to be)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Present tense<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Singular\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Plural
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>1st person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>sho| (I am)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>shsho| (we are)
\n<\/span><\/span>2nd person\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/strong>bei\u2019sha |(you are)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>bei\u2019shsha| (you [pl.] are)
\n<\/span><\/span>3rd person:
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>Neuter personal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>fash| (it is)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>*shfash| (they are)
\n<\/span>Neuter things\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>fa\u2019she| (it is)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>shfa\u2019she| (they are)
\nNeuter things
\n(specified subject)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 she|\u00a0([it] is)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shshe|<\/span><\/span>\u00a0([they] are)<\/span><\/span><\/span>Masculine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ma\u2019she| (he is)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ma\u2019shshe| (they are [masc.])<\/span>Feminine\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>ta\u2019she| (she is)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>a\u2019shshe| (they are [fem.])<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

*Use for collective personal, things, masc., fem., in any combination.<\/span><\/p>\n

Explanation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1st person<\/strong>: sho|<\/em> is both the pronoun \u201cI\u201d and the 1st person singular of \u201cto be.\u201d
\nI<\/span><\/span>\u00a0eat fungus: sho\u2019tailo| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21bb wi| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>I am a Warrior: sho| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21bb pai\u2019zei| || <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2nd person<\/strong>: needs no explanation
\n<\/span><\/span>You are a Warrior:\u00a0 <\/span>bei\u2019sha| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21bb pai\u2019zei| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3rd person neuter personal:\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong>a contracted form, used with both nominal and pronominal subjects.
\n<\/span><\/span>The Warrior is strong:\u00a0 <\/span>pai\u2019zei| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21c4 fash| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21b3 da\u2019lo| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It [the Warrior] is strong:\u00a0 <\/span>fash| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21b3 da\u2019lo| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3rd person neuter things: <\/strong>Has two forms.\u00a0 <\/span>When a noun subject is specified, she|<\/em> is used without a pronoun attached.<\/span><\/p>\n

It [the stone] is strong:\u00a0 <\/span>fa\u2019she| <\/em>\u21b3 da\u2019lo| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The stone is strong: ka\u2019zi|\u21c4 <\/em>she| <\/em>\u21b3 da\u2019lo| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3rd person masc. and fem.<\/strong>: The rule of retaining the pronoun after the subject is applied.
\n<\/span><\/span>She is Kwi\u2019ga\u2019ga\u2019tei:\u00a0 <\/span>ta\u2019she| <\/em>\u21bb kwi\u2019ga\u2019ga\u2019tei\u2019ze| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>The Seer is Kwi\u2019ga\u2019ga\u2019tei:\u00a0 <\/span>tei\u2019zei|\u21c4 <\/em><\/em>ta\u2019she| <\/em>\u21bb kwi\u2019ga\u2019ga\u2019tei\u2019ze| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Past tense<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The same rules apply. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I was, we were:\u00a0 <\/span>shot|<\/em>, shshot|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>You were [sing. & pl]: bei\u2019shat| bei\u2019shshat<\/em>|
\n<\/span>It was, they were (neut. pers.):\u00a0 <\/span>fasht|, shfasht|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It was, they were (neut. things): fa\u2019shet|<\/em> OR shet|<\/em>; shfa\u2019shet|<\/em> OR shshet|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He was, they were (masc.): ma\u2019shet|, ma\u2019shshet|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>She was, they were (fem.): ta\u2019shet|, ta\u2019shshet|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Future tense<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Note irregularities in 1st and 3rd person neuters.<\/span><\/p>\n

I will be, we will be:\u00a0 <\/span>sho\u2019u|, shsho\u2019u|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span> You [sing. & pl]: bei\u2019u\u2019sha|, bei\u2019u\u2019shsha|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It will be, they will be (neut. pers.):\u00a0 <\/span>fash\u2019u|<\/em>, shfash\u2019u|<\/em>
\n<\/span>It will be, they will be (neut. things): fa\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em> OR u\u2019she<\/em>|; shfa\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em> OR u\u2019shshe|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He will be, they will be (masc.): ma\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em>, ma\u2019u\u2019shshe|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>She will be, they will be (fem.): ta\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em>, ta\u2019u\u2019shshe|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Examples of 1st and 3rd person:
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>I will be an imago [adult] soon.\u00a0 <\/span>sho\u2019u|<\/em>\u21bb lis\u2019zei| gli\u2019il| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It [the new fortress] will be large.\u00a0 <\/span>fa\u2019u\u2019she| <\/em><\/span><\/span>\u21b3 da\u2019no| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>The new fortress will be large.\u00a0 <\/span>da\u2019ziv| cha| \u21c4 <\/em>u\u2019she| <\/em>\u21b3 da\u2019no| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Perfect Tense<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The perfect infinitive, \u201cto have been,\u201d is o\u2019sho|<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Present Perfect
\n<\/strong>This is exactly the same as the future tense in structure, except where the future tense has a \u201cu,\u201d the present perfect has an \u201co\u201d:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I have been, we have been: sho\u2019o|<\/em>, shsho\u2019o|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>You have been [sing. & pl.]: bei\u2019o\u2019sha|<\/em>, bei\u2019o\u2019shsha|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It has been, they have been (neut. pers.): fash\u2019o|<\/em>, shfash\u2019o|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It has been, they have been (neut. things): fa\u2019o\u2019she|<\/em> OR o\u2019she|<\/em>; shfa\u2019o\u2019she|<\/em> OR o\u2019shshe|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He has been, they have been (masc.): ma\u2019o\u2019she|<\/em>, ma\u2019o\u2019shshe|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>She has been, they have been (fem.): ta\u2019o\u2019she|<\/em>, ta\u2019o\u2019shshe|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Past Perfect<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/strong>Irregularities in 1st person and in 3rd person neuter are a little different.<\/span><\/p>\n

I had been, we had been: sho\u2019ot|<\/em>, shsho\u2019ot|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>You had been [sing. & pl.]: bei\u2019o\u2019shat|<\/em>, bei\u2019o\u2019shshat|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It had been, they had been (neut. pers.): fash\u2019ot|<\/em>, shfash\u2019ot|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It had been, they had been (neut. things): fa\u2019o\u2019shet|<\/em> OR she\u2019ot|<\/em>; shfa\u2019o\u2019shet|<\/em> OR shshe\u2019ot|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He had been, they had been (masc.): ma\u2019o\u2019shet|<\/em>, ma\u2019o\u2019shshet|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>She had been, they had been (fem.): ta\u2019o\u2019shet|<\/em>, ta\u2019o\u2019shshet|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

F<\/span><\/strong><\/span>uture<\/span> Perfect<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Irregularities revert to Present Perfect form.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I will have been, we will have been: sho\u2019o\u2019u|<\/em>, shsho\u2019o\u2019u|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>You will have been [sing. & pl.]: bei\u2019o\u2019u\u2019sha|<\/em>, bei\u2019o\u2019u\u2019shsha|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It will have been, they will have been (neut. pers.): fash\u2019o\u2019u|<\/em>, shfash\u2019o\u2019u|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>It will have been, they will have been (neut. things): fa\u2019o\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em> OR o\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em>;
\nhfa\u2019o\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em> OR o\u2019u\u2019she|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He will have been, they will have been (masc.): ma\u2019o\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em>, ma\u2019o\u2019u\u2019shshe|
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>She will have been, they will have been (fem.): ta\u2019o\u2019u\u2019she|<\/em>, ta\u2019o\u2019u\u2019shshe|<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0General\u00a0 Remarks on Shshi Verbs The\u00a0verb structure of Shshi is simple and clean.\u00a0 There are eight basic tenses (present, past, future, three perfect tenses, and two past future tenses). There is no familiar form of 2nd person. There is no passive voice. There are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods. There are no participles. Adjectives and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-87","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=87"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/87\/revisions\/185"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=87"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}