{"id":260,"date":"2012-07-30T21:23:54","date_gmt":"2012-07-30T21:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=260"},"modified":"2012-08-04T16:54:47","modified_gmt":"2012-08-04T16:54:47","slug":"falconiform-language-alphabet-and-phonemes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=260","title":{"rendered":"Falconiform Language &#8211; Preliminary Info, Alphabet and Phonemes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>[Note: Unfortunately, the title box will not take the word &#8220;!Ka&lt;t\u00e1,&#8221; which is the name of the language, so I will call it the falconiform language in the titles of the pages, as opposed to the stork language (Towewa) and the grouse language (Gro&#8217;at).]<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>!Ka&lt;t\u00e1 Language: Basic Information<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 language is rendered in simplified Peders notation.\u00a0 Ramonda Peders was the linguistic anthropologist who was involved in the first contact with the Kris\u00ed\u2019i\u2019aid\u00e1 in the 28th century.\u00a0 (Shiras-Peders University of Xenological Studies, with which Prf. Kaitrin Oliva is affiliated, was partially named in her honor.)<\/p>\n<p>The transliteration is simplified because the language is so complex in its tones, pitches, warble lengths, etc. that the use of the more complete notation would be an obfuscation for normal investigation.\u00a0 At the time of \u201cThe Termite Queen,\u201d Asc. Oliva was working on a new music-based notation.\u00a0 She probably should have had an ethnomusicologist working with her on this.<\/p>\n<p>No human can speak !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 properly because humans lack the throat structure (syrinx) of a bird.\u00a0 It is possible for humans to understand it, however.<\/p>\n<p>The language documented in the following study is the dominant dialect spoken by Prf. A\u2019a\u2019ma.\u00a0 Four or five language families exist, each with many dialects.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Writing<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The language is written from right to left, as are mathematical equations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong> Alphabet<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Includes\u00a037 consonants and 17 vowels.\u00a0 The names of consonants are vocalized with a sliding rising inflection.\u00a0 The names of vowels are vocalized on an even tone, with a beak-click preceding them.\u00a0 The letters are depicted here in transliteration (I confess I have never drawn the complex alphabet).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Consonants<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">!Ka&lt;t\u00e1<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">Phoneme<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">1. \u2219u\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">[cough]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">2. gu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">3. ksit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">4. ku\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">k<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">5. khit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">6. !u\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">[click, actually a snap of the beak]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">7. kwat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kw<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">8. krit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">9. hu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">10. wu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">w<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">11. hwat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">hw<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">12. tu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">13. tsit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">14. su\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">15. sfit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">sf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">16. stat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">st<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">17. chu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">18. ju\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">j<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">19. yit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">y<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">20. zat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">z<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">21. fu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">22. frit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">fr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">23. fsat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">fs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">24. aft\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">25. arat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">26. urr\u00e1\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">rr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">27. vu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">v<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">28. vrit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">vr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">29. bu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">30. pu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">31. psit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ps<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">32. du\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">33. ang\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">34. nu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">35. mu\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">36. mrat\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">mr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"101\">37. lit\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vowels<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">Vowel Transcription<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Pronunciation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">1. !u<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>g<strong>oo<\/strong>se<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">2. !oi<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong>s<em>oi<\/em><\/strong><em>l<\/em> (do not confuse with o\u2019i where the vowels are pronounced \u00a0 separately)<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">3. !a<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>f<strong>a<\/strong>ther<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">4. !au<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>n<strong>ow<\/strong><\/em><strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">5. !aw<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>aw<\/em><\/strong><em>e<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">6. !ei<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>f<strong>a<\/strong>ce <\/em>(do not confuse \u00a0 with e\u2019i where the vowels are pronounced separately)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">7. !e<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>b<strong>e<\/strong>d<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">8. !i<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>s<strong>ea<\/strong><\/em><strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">9. !ai<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>ai<\/em><\/strong><em>sle<\/em> (do not confuse with a\u2019i where the vowels are pronounced \u00a0 separately)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">10. !o<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>o<\/em><\/strong><em>h<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">11. !i\u00f3<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>Tok<strong>yo<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">12. !^<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">a chirp, reminiscent of <em>u <\/em>in the Inj word <em>tuck<\/em> (IPA actually uses ^ for that sound)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">13. !&lt;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">the standard whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">14. !&lt;\u2198<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">low-pitched whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">15. !&lt;\u2197<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">high-pitched whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">16. !&lt;\u2191<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">upward sliding whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">17. !&lt;\u2193<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">downward sliding whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>!Ka&lt;t\u00e1 employs coughs, clicks, chirps, whistles, trills, and warbles. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>cough<\/strong> [\u2219] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun is <em>cha\u2219<\/em>) and the <strong>click<\/strong> [!] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun is <em>psi!k^kaw<\/em>) are considered letters of the alphabet (consonants).\u00a0 The cough is the first letter of the consonantal alphabet and as a letter is pronounced <em>\u2219u\u2191~<\/em>. The click is the sixth letter of the consonantal alphabet and as a letter is pronounced <em>!u\u2191~<\/em>; it is actually vocalized as a snap of the beak.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>chirp<\/strong> [^] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun is <em>chirr^\u2019^\u2019\u00e1s<\/em>) and the <strong>whistle<\/strong> [&lt;] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun is <em>chirr&lt;\u2019&lt;\u2019\u00e1s<\/em>) are also considered letters of the alphabet (vocalic).\u00a0 The chirp is the 12th letter of the vocalic alphabet and as a letter is pronounced !^.\u00a0 There are five varieties of the whistle, constituting nos. 13 through 17 of the vocalic alphabet; they differ according to pitch and slide.<\/p>\n<p>Certain sounds (called in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 <em>\u266au\u2019\u00edchit filit\u00fa<\/em>, or \u201c<strong>half-letter<\/strong>\u201d) are not formally part of the alphabet, but they do form an important part of the sound system.\u00a0 These are the <strong>trill<\/strong> [\u266a] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun for \u201ctrill\u201d is <em>chirr\u266a\u266a\u00e1s<\/em>) and the <strong>warble<\/strong> [\u266b] (in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 the noun for \u201cwarble\u201d is <em>chirr\u266b\u266b\u00e1s<\/em>).\u00a0 They can be vocalized in many subtly distinct ways to make emotional or emphatic alterations of meaning and the written language has different diacritical marks to suggest some of these variations.\u00a0 They are also used as indicators, to form inflections (plurals, possessives) and diminutives, and sometimes they are used as if they were a true vowel or a true consonant, as an integral part of the word (examples are khechi\u2019\u00edrr\u266bi, to sing, or s^\u266blo\u2019a, a jasmine-like flower).<\/p>\n<p>In my unfinished novel, \u201cThe Man Who Found Birds among the Stars,\u201d the !K<strong>\u266a<\/strong>a&lt;t\u00ed informant Pikei says in her still imperfect Inge (English), \u201cFourteen ways are to write the half-letters, and more when you put those together.\u00a0 It is some ways for the different uses, and other ways for the different pitches and the sequences.\u00a0 Some we do not write always or write all the way [i.e., they abbreviate some] \u2013 makes too slow.\u00a0 We just know that they are there.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Obviously their language is a little bit like Hebrew, where the omitted vowels are clear to anybody who is native to the language.\u00a0 This is one reason why I use the Simplified Transliteration; Peders\u2019 full transliteration would be enormously complex (in fact, I myself have never worked out a full transliteration).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Phonemes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Vowels (arranged here in Inj order)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">Vowel Transcription<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">Pronunciation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">a<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as\u00a0in <em>f<strong>a<\/strong>ther<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ai<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>ai<\/em><\/strong><em>sle<\/em> (do not confuse with a\u2019i where the \u00a0 vowels are\u00a0 pronounced separately)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">au<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>n<strong>ow<\/strong><\/em><strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">aw<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>aw<\/em><\/strong><em>e<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">e<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as\u00a0in <em>b<strong>e<\/strong>d<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ei<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as\u00a0in <em>f<strong>a<\/strong>ce <\/em>(do not confuse with e\u2019i where the vowels are\u00a0pronounced separately)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">i<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>s<strong>ea<\/strong><\/em><strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">i\u00f3<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as\u00a0in <em>Tok<strong>yo<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">o<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <strong><em>o<\/em><\/strong><em>h<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">oi<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as\u00a0in <strong>s<em>oi<\/em><\/strong><em>l<\/em> (do not confuse with o\u2019i where the vowels are pronounced separately)<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">u<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">as in <em>g<strong>oo<\/strong>se<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">^<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">a chirp, reminiscent of <em>u <\/em>in the Inj\u00a0word <em>tuck<\/em> (IPA actually uses \u028c for that sound)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">&lt;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">the standard whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">&lt;\u2198<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">low-pitched\u00a0whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">&lt;\u2197<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">high-pitched\u00a0whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">&lt;\u2191<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">upward sliding whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">&lt;\u2193<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"294\">downward sliding whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Consonants (arranged in Inj order)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Sounds are as in normal Inj unless specified. Bracketed letters are the names of the characters in !Ka&lt;t\u00e1.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">Consonant \u00a0 Transcription<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">Pronunciation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">b<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[bu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ch<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <em>wat<strong>ch<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 [chu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">d<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[du\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">f<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[fu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">fr<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[frit\u2191~]<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">fs<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[fsat\u2191~]<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ft<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">Never initial [aft\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">g<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <strong>g<\/strong>a<strong>g <\/strong>[gu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">h<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[hu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">hw<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <strong><em>wh<\/em><\/strong><em>ite<\/em>\u00a0 [hwat\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">j<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <strong><em>j<\/em><\/strong><em>ump<\/em> [ju\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">k<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[ku\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kh<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <em>Ba<strong>ch<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 [khit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kr<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">Never final [krit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ks<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <em>a<strong>x<\/strong>is <\/em>or <em>clic<strong>ks<\/strong><\/em><strong> <\/strong>\u00a0[ksit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">kw<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[kwat\u2191~]<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">l<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[lit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">m<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">Never final, except in verb forms [mu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">mr<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">Never final [mrat\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[nu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ng<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">as in <em>so<strong>ng<\/strong><\/em>; either medial or \u00a0 final; never initial; never followed by a consonant.\u00a0 Supply\u00a0 an apostrophe to show that the <em>n<\/em>\u00a0and the <em>g<\/em> are not pronounced as separate entities.\u00a0 Example: tung\u2019an (leg)\u00a0 [ang\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">p<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[pu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ps<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[psit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">r<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">A short trill [arat\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">rr<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">a longer, gutteral trill,\u00a0rolled 5 or 6 times [urr\u00e1\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">s<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[su\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">sf<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[sfit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">st<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[stat\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">t<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[tu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">ts<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[tsit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">v<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[vu\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">vr<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[vrit\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">w<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[wu\u2191~]\u00a0as in <strong><em>w<\/em><\/strong><em>ith<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">y<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[yit\u2191~]\u00a0never as a vowel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">z<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">[zat\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">\u2219<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">a coughing sound, a gutteral [\u2219u\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"114\">!<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"264\">beak-click\u00a0 [!u\u2191~]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Accent<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Syllables are pretty much accented evenly unless an accent mark is specified, although some dialects favor the penultimate syllable when no accent is indicated.\u00a0 A syllable containing an acute accent mark is stressed.\u00a0 Some words contain two accent marks, because of the etymological history of the word; if it contains two elements that included accents in their originals, the accent marks are retained.\u00a0 This slightly affects the pronunciation; both syllables are giving slightly intensified stress.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Transcription Symbols<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u02ca<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">Stressed syllables are indicated by acute accent mark<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2019<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">An apostrophe defines a\u00a0break between vowels, indicating that the combination is not adiphthong.\u00a0 This symbol also can also be used for a schwa in transcribing and transliterating foreign languages into !Ka&lt;t\u00e1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">&lt;<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">moderate-pitch whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">&lt;\u2198<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">low-pitched whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">&lt;\u2197<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">high-pitched whistle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">^<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">chirp; it is also used in transliteration of foreign languages to symbolize the IPA sound \u028c [u as in luck]; the sound roughly approximates the chirp, which is a vowel.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">!<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">click, made by snapping the beak together<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2219<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">gutteral cough; symbol\u00a0under \u201cmathematical operators.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u266a<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">trill; repetitive sequence\u00a0consisting of two tones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u266b<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">warble; repetitive sequence consisting of three or more tones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"511\">\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>The following are tonal indicators<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2194<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">Preceding vowel or syllable is temporally lengthened<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2191<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">Preceding syllable is high\u00a0pitch.\u00a0 See Vowel Table for special application to whistles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2193<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">Preceding syllable is low pitch.\u00a0 See Vowel Table for special application to whistles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2191~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">pitch of preceding syllable slides from neutral to high.<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u2193~<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"462\">pitch of preceding syllable slides from neutral to low<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong>Punctuation<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"223\">Period (end of sentence mark)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"391\">]\u00a0 Placed at end of sentence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"223\">Exclamation mark<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"391\">\u21de\u00a0 Placed at beginning of sentence. \u00a0Sentence ending is still marked with a bracket.<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"223\">Question mark <strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"391\">Placed at beginning of sentence. \u00a0 Sentence ending is still marked with a bracket.I used a Wingding for this, which you can see in the print edition of Termite Queen, but it\u00a0cannot be found in Unicode, so in\u00a0this presentation, I&#8217;m going to substitute a bracketed question mark: \u00a0[?]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"223\">Separator of sentence elements, used somewhat like our comma, dash, semicolon, or\u00a0ellipsisAlso used when forming \u00a0 compound words<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"391\">|\u00a0Generally used only for clarity as sentence separator, where it is separated from the preceding and following words by a\u00a0space.\u00a0 As a compound-word indicator, as in certain numbers and in words like <em>za&lt;its|ha\u2219<\/em>\u00a0[firebrand], there are no spaces.<strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Capitalization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The script includes no capital letters, but proper names of people, entities (such as universities, committees, governing bodies, etc.), titles (such as Captain), peoples, languages, and geographical places (including planets, mountains, rivers, cities, oceans, etc.) are <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">underscored<\/span> when writing in the !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 alphabet.\u00a0 Corresponding adjectives are also underscored.\u00a0 When writing in transliteration, capitalize the first Roman character of the word.<\/p>\n<p>In transliteration, capitalize the first Inj letter of a sentence to clarify the structure.\u00a0 When writing in the !K\u266aa&lt;t\u00e1 alphabetic script, the first morpheme of a sentence is <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">underscored<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0[Note: Unfortunately, the title box will not take the word &#8220;!Ka&lt;t\u00e1,&#8221; which is the name of the language, so I will call it the falconiform language in the titles of the pages, as opposed to the stork language (Towewa) and the grouse language (Gro&#8217;at).] !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 Language: Basic Information The !Ka&lt;t\u00e1 language is rendered in simplified [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-260","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=260"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/260\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":294,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/260\/revisions\/294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}