{"id":119,"date":"2012-04-09T17:22:38","date_gmt":"2012-04-09T17:22:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=119"},"modified":"2012-04-10T17:03:02","modified_gmt":"2012-04-10T17:03:02","slug":"shshi-pronouns","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/?page_id=119","title":{"rendered":"Shshi Pronouns"},"content":{"rendered":"

For additional information on use of pronouns see pages on Shshi Verbs.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nominative Case<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

I, we:\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>sho, shsho<\/em>
\n<\/span>you, you (pl.):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>bei, shbei
\n<\/em><\/span>it, they (neut. personal):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>fa, shfa
\n<\/em><\/span>it, they (things):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>fai, shfai
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>he, they (masc.):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ma, shma
\n<\/em><\/span>she, they (fem.):\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>ta, shta<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Objective Case<\/strong> (direct object and object of preposition):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Formed by suffixing \u2019a<\/em> to the nominative form.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>The Warrior accompanied us: pai\u2019zei|\u21c6 <\/em> fa\u2019oibot| <\/em>\u21bb shsho\u2019a|<\/strong> ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>The rocks fell on them [i.e., the Warriors]:\u00a0 <\/span>shka\u2019zi|\u21c6 <\/em>shfai\u2019thivot| da| shfa\u2019a|<\/strong> ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>He touches her:\u00a0 <\/span>ma\u2019zifo| <\/em>\u21bb ta\u2019a|<\/strong> ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Genitive (Possessive) Case<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Formed by prefixing ki\u2019 <\/em>to the nominative case.\u00a0 <\/span>ki<\/em> actually means \u201cof\u201d but is used mostly for forming the possessive.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>Our Warriors are strong:\u00a0 <\/span>ki\u2019shsho|<\/em><\/strong> shpai\u2019zei| \u21c6 <\/em>shfash|<\/em>\u21b3 da\u2019lo| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>I see your beautiful wings [lit., I see wings beautiful your] : sho\u2019teio|<\/em>\u21bb shtuk\u2019zi<\/em>| da\u2019stuv| ki\u2019shbei|<\/strong> ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

At this point I need to acknowledge that I committed a serious omission in constructing the Shshi language.\u00a0 <\/span>I never worked out a form for expressing the non-possessive English \u201cof\u201d. For example, if I wanted to say, \u201cThis fortress is made of stone\u201d or \u201ca fortress of stone is better than a fortress of wood,\u201d I have never set up a Shshi construction for that.\u00a0 <\/span>I don\u2019t even have a word for \u201cfrom\u201d in that meaning that I could use.\u00a0 <\/span>It\u2019s a serious oversight, and one I would have to remedy if I ever encountered a need to use such a construction.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

I actually only became aware of the difference when I spent some time studying Hebrew (don\u2019t ask me at this point why I wanted to study Hebrew).\u00a0 <\/span>For example, in the song \u201cJerusalem of Gold,\u201d the Romanized words are \u201cYerushalayim shel zahav,\u201d where \u201cshel\u201d means \u201cof.\u201d \u00a0 <\/span>For possessives, Hebrew uses something called a \u201cconstruct state,\u201d where the two nouns simply follow each other (although in many instances the first noun changes its vowels, in several quite complicated ways):\u00a0 <\/span>\u201ca man\u2019s hand\u201d is expressed \u201chand man\u201d with “of”\u00a0 implied.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u00a0However, I did account for those differences in meaning when I constructed !Ka<t\u00e1.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Possessive Pronouns (<\/strong>non-modifying, i.e., used as a predicate nominative):<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Add \u2013z<\/em> to the genitive form.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>The rock is mine:\u00a0 <\/span>ka\u2019zi| \u21c6 <\/em><\/em>she| <\/em>\u21bb <\/strong>ki\u2019shoz|<\/strong> ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>The flowers are theirs:\u00a0 <\/span>shra| \u21c6 <\/em><\/em><\/em> shshe| <\/em>\u21bb\u00a0ki\u2019shfaz|<\/strong> ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Relative Pronouns<\/strong> (who, which, that, whom)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

These are all expressed vi|.<\/em>\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cWhom\u201d <\/em>as a relative pronoun is also expressed vi|<\/em>.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Example
\n<\/strong>The Warrior that arrived late confronted the Champion, whom it defeated:\u00a0(literally, Who arrived late Warrior confronted the\u00a0Champion, whom it defeated):\u00a0\u00a0 vi| <\/strong>fa’krovot| naf’il| pai’zei| \u21c6 fa\u2019umot| <\/em>\u21bb lo\u2019hi\u2019zei| vi|<\/strong> fa\u2019baot| ||<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Reflexive pronouns<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

When used for emphasis, use the nominative case of the pronoun plus the emphatic marker > and place it before the subject-verb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Examples
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>I myself will go:\u00a0 <\/span>sho|><\/em><\/strong> sho\u2019u\u2019trio| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>You yourself spoke:\u00a0 <\/span>bei|><\/em><\/strong> bei\u2019ganot| ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>Ki\u2019shto\u2019ba himself spoke:\u00a0 <\/span>fa|><\/em><\/strong> ki\u2019shto\u2019ba\u2019ze|\u21c6<\/em> fa\u2019ganot.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

For true reflexive, use objective case plus the emphatic marker (without object link):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Example
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span>I see myself:\u00a0 <\/span>sho\u2019teio| sho\u2019a|><\/strong>||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>The seer named herself:\u00a0 <\/span>tei\u2019zei| \u21c6<\/em> ta\u2019loiot| ta\u2019a|><\/strong>||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>A Warrior cannot feed itself.\u00a0 <\/span>pai\u2019zei| \u21c6 <\/em>fa\u2019paho| wei| \u21c5 <\/em>ruvo| fa\u2019a>|<\/strong> ||
\n<\/em><\/span><\/span>We got lost in the mountains (We lost ourselves in the mountains):\u00a0 <\/span>shsho\u2019gondot| shsho\u2019a|><\/strong> i| shkwai\u2019mi| ||<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For additional information on use of pronouns see pages on Shshi Verbs. Nominative Case I, we:\u00a0\u00a0 sho, shsho you, you (pl.):\u00a0\u00a0 bei, shbei it, they (neut. personal):\u00a0\u00a0 fa, shfa it, they (things):\u00a0\u00a0 fai, shfai he, they (masc.):\u00a0\u00a0 ma, shma she, they (fem.):\u00a0\u00a0 ta, shta \u00a0Objective Case (direct object and object of preposition): \u00a0 Formed by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-119","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=119"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/119\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":121,"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/119\/revisions\/121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/remembrancer.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}